to join the european union what must a country prove

Rules that ascertain whether a country is eligible to bring together the European Union

The Copenhagen criteria are the rules that define whether a country is eligible to bring together the European union. The criteria require that a country has the institutions to preserve democratic governance and human rights, has a functioning market economy, and accepts the obligations and intent of the EU.^[iv]

These membership criteria were laid down at the June 1993 European Quango in Copenhagen, Kingdom of denmark, from which they have their proper noun. Excerpt from the Copenhagen Presidency conclusions:^[5]

Membership requires that candidate country has achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights, respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a performance marketplace economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive force per unit area and market forces within the Union. Membership presupposes the candidate'due south power to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union.

Most of these elements have been clarified over the last decade by legislation and other decisions of the European Council, the European Commission and the European Parliament, as well as by the case law of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. However, in that location are sometimes conflicting interpretations in current member states, particularly regarding what is meant by "the dominion of constabulary".^[6]

European Union membership criteria [edit]

During the negotiations with each candidate country, progress towards meeting the Copenhagen criteria is regularly monitored. On the ground of this, decisions are fabricated as to whether and when a detail state should join, or what actions demand to be taken before joining is possible.

The European Spousal relationship Membership criteria are defined by the three documents:

• The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht (Article 49)
• The declaration of the June 1993 European Council in Copenhagen, i.e., Copenhagen criteria—describing the general policy in more details
  • political
  • economical
  • legislative
• Framework for negotiations with a item candidate state
  • specific and detailed weather
  • statement stressing that the new member cannot have its place in the Marriage until it is considered that the Eu itself has plenty "absorption capacity" for this to happen.

When agreed in 1993, there was no mechanism for ensuring that any country which was already an EU fellow member state was in compliance with these criteria. However, arrangements accept now been put in place to law compliance with these criteria, following the "sanctions" imposed against the Austrian government of Wolfgang Schüssel in early 2000 by the other 14 Member States' governments. These arrangements came into result on one February 2003 nether the provisions of the Treaty of Squeamish.^{[ citation needed ]}

Geographic criteria [edit]

Article 49 (formerly Article O) of the Treaty on European union (TEU)^[vii] or Maastricht Treaty states that any European country that respects the principles of the EU may utilise to join. Countries' classification as European is "discipline to political assessment"^[8] by the Commission and more importantly—the European Quango.

In 1987, Morocco applied to join the European Communities (the precursor to the European Spousal relationship). The application was rejected on the grounds that Morocco was non considered to be a "European country" and hence could not join.

In 2004, Cyprus joined the EU, despite its geographical position southward of Asia Minor.

Although not-European states are non considered eligible to be members, they may enjoy varying degrees of integration with the European union, set out by international agreements. The general capacity of the customs and the member states to conclude association agreements with tertiary countries is existence developed.^{[ commendation needed ]} Moreover, specific frameworks for integration with third countries are emerging—including most prominently the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). This notably replaces the Barcelona process which previously provided the framework for the EU's relations with its Mediterranean neighbours in North Africa and Southwest asia.^{[ citation needed ]}

The ENP should not be dislocated with the Stabilisation and Association Process in the Western Balkans or the European Economic Area. Russian federation does not fall inside the scope of the ENP, only is subject field to a split up framework. The European Neighbourhood Policy can exist interpreted every bit the drawing up of the Union'southward borders for the foreseeable futurity.^{[ commendation needed ]} Another way the EU is integrating with neighbouring countries is through the Union for the Mediterranean, made upwardly of Eu countries and others adjoining the Mediterranean sea.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Political criteria [edit]

Republic [edit]

Functional democratic governance requires that all citizens of the country should be able to participate, on an equal basis, in the political decision making at every single governing level, from local municipalities upwardly to the highest, national, level. This also requires gratis elections with a hugger-mugger election, the right to institute political parties without whatsoever hindrance from the state, fair and equal access to a complimentary press, gratuitous trade union organisations, freedom of personal stance, and executive powers restricted by laws and allowing gratuitous access to judges independent of the executive.

Rule of law [edit]

The rule of constabulary implies that authorities dominance may only be exercised in accordance with documented laws, which were adopted through an established process. The principle is intended to be a safeguard against arbitrary rulings in individual cases.

Man rights [edit]

Human rights are those rights which every person holds because of their quality as a man existence; human rights are inalienable and belonging to all humans. If a right is inalienable, that means it cannot be bestowed, granted, limited, bartered abroad, or sold abroad (due east.m. one cannot sell oneself into slavery). These include the correct to life, the right to be prosecuted just according to the laws that are in existence at the time of the offence, the right to be costless from slavery, and the right to be free from torture.

The Un Universal Annunciation of Man Rights is considered the most administrative conception of human being rights, although information technology lacks the more constructive enforcement machinery of the European Convention on Man Rights. The requirement to fall in line with this formulation forced several nations^{[ citation needed ]} that recently joined the European union to implement major changes in their legislation, public services and judiciary. Many of the changes involved the treatment of ethnic and religious minorities, or removal of disparities of treatment between different political factions.

Respect for and protection of minorities [edit]

Members of such national minorities should be able to maintain their distinctive civilization and practices, including their language (as far every bit non reverse to the human rights of other people, nor to democratic procedures and rule of law), without suffering any discrimination. A Quango of Europe convention, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (treaty No. 157) reflected this principle. But the Convention did not include a articulate definition of what constituted a national minority. Every bit a issue, some signatory states added official declarations on the thing:^[9]

• Austria: "The Republic of Austria declares that, for itself, the term 'national minorities' within the significant of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities is understood to designate those groups which come within the scope of application of the Law on Ethnic Groups (Volksgruppengesetz, Federal Law Gazette No. 396/1976) and which alive and traditionally have had their domicile in parts of the territory of the Commonwealth of Austria and which are equanimous of Austrian citizens with non-German mother tongues and with their own ethnic cultures."
• Azerbaijan: "The Azerbaijan, confirming its adherence to the universal values and respecting human rights and fundamental freedoms, declares that the ratification of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and implementation of its provisions do not imply any right to engage in any activity violating the territorial integrity and sovereignty, or internal and international security of the Republic of Republic of azerbaijan."
• Belgium: "The Kingdom of Kingdom of belgium declares that the Framework Convention applies without prejudice to the constitutional provisions, guarantees or principles, and without prejudice to the legislative rules which currently govern the utilize of languages. The Kingdom of Belgium declares that the notion of national minority will be defined by the inter-ministerial conference of foreign policy."
• Bulgaria: "Confirming its adherence to the values of the Council of Europe and the desire for the integration of Republic of bulgaria into the European structures, committed to the policy of protection of human rights and tolerance to persons belonging to minorities, and their full integration into Bulgarian society, the National Assembly of the Commonwealth of Bulgaria declares that the ratification and implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities do not imply whatever correct to engage in any activity violating the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the unitary Bulgarian State, its internal and international security."
• Denmark: "In connectedness with the deposit of the instrument of ratification by Denmark of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, it is hereby alleged that the Framework Convention shall utilize to the German language minority in Southward Jutland of the Kingdom of denmark."
• Republic of estonia: "The Estonia understands the term national minorities, which is not defined in the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, every bit follows: are considered as national minority those citizens of Estonia who - reside on the territory of Estonia; - maintain longstanding, firm and lasting ties with Estonia; - are singled-out from Estonians on the footing of their indigenous, cultural, religious or linguistic characteristics; - are motivated past a concern to preserve together their cultural traditions, their religion or their language, which constitute the basis of their common identity."
• Germany: "The Framework Convention contains no definition of the notion of national minorities. It is therefore up to the individual Contracting Parties to make up one's mind the groups to which it shall employ afterwards ratification. National Minorities in the Federal Democracy of Germany are the Danes of German citizenship and the members of the Sorbian people with German citizenship. The Framework Convention will too be applied to members of the ethnic groups traditionally resident in Deutschland, the Frisians of German citizenship and the Sinti and Roma of German citizenship."
• Latvia: "The Republic of Republic of latvia – Recognizing the multifariousness of cultures, religions and languages in Europe, which constitutes one of the features of the common European identity and a detail value, – Taking into business relationship the experience of the Council of Europe member States and the wish to foster the preservation and development of national minority cultures and languages, while respecting the sovereignty and national-cultural identity of every Land, – Affirming the positive part of an integrated society, including the command of the Country language, to the life of a democratic Land, – Taking into account the specific historical feel and traditions of Latvia, declares that the notion 'national minorities' which has non been defined in the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, shall, in the meaning of the Framework Convention, apply to citizens of Latvia who differ from Latvians in terms of their civilization, religion or language, who have traditionally lived in Latvia for generations and consider themselves to belong to the State and gild of Republic of latvia, who wish to preserve and develop their culture, faith or language. Persons who are not citizens of Latvia or another Country but who permanently and legally reside in the Commonwealth of Latvia, who do non belong to a national minority within the pregnant of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities as defined in this declaration, but who place themselves with a national minority that meets the definition contained in this annunciation, shall enjoy the rights prescribed in the Framework Convention, unless specific exceptions are prescribed by law. The Republic of Latvia declares that information technology will employ the provisions of Article 10, paragraph 2, of the Framework Convention without prejudice to the Satversme (Constitution) of the Republic of latvia and the legislative acts governing the employ of the Country language that are currently into force. The Republic of Republic of latvia declares that it will apply the provisions of Article eleven, paragraph 3, of the Framework Convention without prejudice to the Satversme (Constitution) of the Latvia and the legislative acts governing the use of the Country linguistic communication that are currently into force."
• Principality of liechtenstein: "The Liechtenstein declares that Articles 24 and 25, in particular, of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of i February 1995 are to be understood having regard to the fact that no national minorities in the sense of the Framework Convention exist in the territory of the Principality of Principality of liechtenstein. The Principality of Liechtenstein considers its ratification of the Framework Convention as an act of solidarity in the view of the objectives of the Convention."
• Luxembourg: "The Grand Duchy of Grand duchy of luxembourg understands by 'national minority' in the meaning of the Framework Convention, a group of people settled for numerous generations on its territory, having the Luxembourg nationality and having kept distinctive characteristics in an ethnic and linguistic fashion. On the ground of this definition, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is induced to establish that there is no 'national minority' on its territory."
• Republic of malta: "The Government of Malta reserves the correct not to be bound by the provisions of Commodity 15 insofar every bit these entail the right to vote or to stand for ballot either for the Firm of Representatives or for Local Councils. The Government of Republic of malta declares that Articles 24 and 25, in particular, of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of 1 February 1995 are to be understood having regard to the fact that no national minorities in the sense of the Framework Convention be in the territory of the Government of Malta. The Government of Republic of malta considers its ratification of the Framework Convention every bit an human activity of solidarity in the view of the objectives of the Convention."
• Netherlands: "The Holland volition apply the Framework Convention to the Frisians. The Government of the netherlands assumes that the protection afforded by Commodity 10, paragraph 3, does not differ, despite the variations in diction, from that afforded past Article five, paragraph two, and Article half-dozen, paragraph 3 (a) and (e), of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The Kingdom of the Netherlands accepts the Framework Convention for the Kingdom in Europe."
• North Macedonia: "Referring to the Framework Convention, and taking into account the latest amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of North Macedonia, the Government minister of Foreign Diplomacy of North Macedonia submits the revised declaration to supervene upon the previous 2 declarations on the aforesaid Convention: The term 'national minorities' used in the Framework Convention and the provisions of the same Convention shall be practical to the citizens of the Republic of Due north Macedonia who alive within its borders and who are office of the Albanian people, Turkish people, Vlach people, Serbian people, Roma people and Bosniak people."
• Poland: "Taking into consideration the fact, that the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities contains no definition of the national minorities notion, the Republic of Poland declares, that information technology understands this term equally national minorities residing within the territory of the Democracy of Poland at the aforementioned time whose members are Polish citizens. The Commonwealth of Poland shall also implement the Framework Convention under Article xviii of the Convention past decision of international agreements mentioned in this Article, the aim of which is to protect national minorities in Poland and minorities or groups of Poles in other States."
• Russia: "The Russian Federation considers that none is entitled to include unilaterally in reservations or declarations, fabricated while signing or ratifying the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, a definition of the term 'national minority', which is not contained in the Framework Convention."
• Slovenia: "Considering that the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities does not incorporate a definition of the notion of national minorities and it is therefore up to the individual Contracting Party to determine the groups which it shall consider equally national minorities, the Government of the Republic of Slovenia, in accordance with the Constitution and internal legislation of the Democracy of Slovenia, declares that these are the autochthonous Italian and Hungarian National Minorities. In accordance with the Constitution and internal legislation of the Democracy of Slovenia, the provisions of the Framework Convention shall use also to the members of the Roma community, who live in the Republic of Slovenia."
• Sweden: "The national minorities in Sweden are Sami, Swedish Finns, Tornedalers, Roma and Jews."
• Switzerland: "Switzerland declares that in Switzerland national minorities in the sense of the framework Convention are groups of individuals numerically junior to the rest of the population of the land or of a canton, whose members are Swiss nationals, have long-standing, firm and lasting ties with Switzerland and are guided by the will to safeguard together what constitutes their common identity, in detail their civilization, their traditions, their religion or their language. Switzerland declares that the provisions of the framework Convention governing the use of the language in relations between individuals and administrative authorities are applicable without prejudice to the principles observed by the Confederation and the cantons in the conclusion of official languages."

A consensus was reached (among other legal experts, the so-called groups of Venice) that this convention refers to any indigenous, linguistic or religious people that defines itself every bit a distinctive group, that forms the historic population or a significant historic and electric current minority in a well-defined surface area, and that maintains stable and friendly relations with the state in which it lives. Some experts and countries wanted to go further. Nevertheless, contempo minorities, such equally immigrant populations, take nowhere been listed by signatory countries equally minorities concerned by this convention.

Economic criteria [edit]

The economic criteria, broadly speaking, crave that candidate countries have a functioning marketplace economic system and that their producers take the adequacy to cope with competitive force per unit area and market forces inside the Marriage. The Euro convergence criteria and European Exchange Rate Mechanism have been used to prepare countries for joining the Eurozone, both founding and afterwards members.

Legislative alignment [edit]

Finally, and technically outside the Copenhagen criteria, comes the further requirement that all prospective members must enact legislation to bring their laws into line with the body of European law built up over the history of the Spousal relationship, known equally the acquis communautaire. In preparing for each access, the acquis is divided into separate chapters, each dealing with different policy areas. For the procedure of the fifth enlargement that concluded with the admission of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, there were 31 chapters. For the talks with Croatia, Turkey and Iceland the acquis has been split farther into 35 chapters.

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "2021 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy". Retrieved 24 December 2021.
2. ^ "Georgia formally applies for Eu membership | DW | 03.03.2022". Deutsche Welle.
3. ^ "Georgia, Moldova follow Ukraine in applying to join European union". 3 March 2022.
4. ^ "Glossary of Statistical Terms - COPENHAGEN CRITERIA". System for Economic Co-performance and Evolution. 11 June 2013. Retrieved three April 2021.
5. ^ "Presidency Determination Copenhagen European Council - 21-22 June 1993" (PDF) . Retrieved 28 Feb 2020.
6. ^ Janse, Ronald (half dozen May 2019). "Is the European Committee a credible guardian of the values?: A revisionist business relationship of the Copenhagen political criteria during the Large Bang enlargement". International Journal of Constitutional Police force. 17 (1): 43–65. doi:ten.1093/icon/moz009 – via Silverchair.
7. ^ The caput of states of the EU member states (7 Feb 1992). "The Maastricht Treaty" (PDF). Treaty on the European union. eurotreaties.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
8. ^ Members of the European Parliament (nineteen May 1998). "Legal questions of enlargement". Enlargement of the European union. The European Parliament. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
9. ^ "Search on Treaties". Treaty Office.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria

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